This essay reviews selected literature on health care inequalities, with the aim of illuminating how we can differentiate between just and unjust inequalities , and between avoidable and unavoidable health inequalities. This essay also reviews some of the most commonly used methods for measuring health care inequities and discusses their limitations. Some policy considerations are presented at the end. Inequalities in health outcomes, access to care, and health care utilization in a society are caused by myriad factors. In order to assess whether an inequality is fair or unfair, and avoidable or inevitable, we should use the approach proposed by Fleurbaey and Schokkaert (2009). The authors suggest that we start with a “structural model” that describes the entire social context in which a utility-maximizing individual makes decisions, subject to a budget constraint. This budget constraint is determined by a series of market, insurance and economic factors: the general price level, tax levels, direct payments, insurance coverage and insurance premiums. Individuals have a health production function that depends on factors such as medical care, lifestyle choices (e.g. nutrition and exercise regimes), genetic endowments, access to information, socio-economic status and random shocks. In the Fleurbaey-Schokkaert framework, utility maximization depends on factors that depend on the individual's choice (such as lifestyle factors), as well as factors beyond the individual's control (random shocks and genetic endowments). Inequalities resulting from factors dependent on an individual's will are considered "fair." Conversely, other factors such as genetic endowments and socioeconomic status are usually considered... middle of article...... ogeneity is taken into account by the measurement technique . For example Dias (2009, 2010) and Trannoy et. al. (2010) aim to model the error term in their econometric techniques to account for unobserved individual efforts and childhood experiences. Third, the characteristics of the health variables used in the measurement technique are also important. For example, Erreygers and van Ourti (2010) show how the logical consistency of the CI can be influenced by the nature of the health variable (limited/unlimited and scale of the variable). In conclusion, measuring health inequalities is certainly possible, but to obtain good quality estimates, good knowledge of the technique and the behavior of health variables is required. Furthermore, the extent to which we have accurately measured unjust health inequities depends on the quality of our moral and ethical judgments..