Introduction to Mathematical Problem Solving Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning is one of two essential forms of proper reasoning. Reasoning constructs or evaluates deductive reasoning. While deductive reasoning argues from the general to the requirement, inductive reasoning argues from the specific to the general instance. Deductive arguments may be valid or invalid, sound or not, but they are neither true nor false. Whenever we arrive at a conclusion using facts, definitions, rules or properties, it is called deductive reasoning. Reasoning.o Effects-cause reasoningo Bradford Hill criteria Comparative reasoning Conditional reasoning Reasoning by criteria. Systemic reasoningExample of deductive reasoning1.To determine (a × b...