The first definition of “culture” by the Oxford Dictionary is “the art, literature, music, and other intellectual expressions of a particular society or era” (“ Culture”, Oxford's Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English). Cultural anthropologist, Raymond Williams has argued that the term "culture" was first used in reference to the cultivation of cultures which were later associated with the cultivation of the human mind, hence the phrase "person cultivated/cultivated”. The noun process now became a noun of configuration by the end of the 18th century, where culture meant "the generalization of the 'spirit' which illuminated the 'whole way of life' of a distinct people" (Williams, 1981), implying a “common “way of life” shared between a group of people or a community. The plural of culture was first used to clearly differentiate itself from “any singular, unilinear sense of civilization by Herder (1784-1991)” (Williams, 1981). However, the development of comparative anthropology in the 19th century resulted in the construction of a new meaning of culture – “designating a global and distinctive way of life” (Williams, 1981) from a set of questions emphasizing “lived culture”. The materialist and the idealist are the two approaches to the study of culture. The materialist approach focuses on Marxist and Frankfurt School literary criticism of culture with an emphasis on class relations and social structure. Unlike materialism, idealism governs itself in the creation of concepts to adequately explain the current world through ideas through the literary works of Matthew Arnold, FR Leavis and QD Leavis, hence the Arnoldian and Leavisist critiques of culture . Marxism is... middle of document....... and Horkheimer, M. “The cultural industry; Enlightenment as Mass Deception,” in J. Curran et al. (ed.), Mass Communication & Society, E. Arnold, London, 1977, pp. 349-374. Barker, Chris. Cultural studies: theory and practice. Third edition ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd, 2008. Print. Conrad, P. Television; The Medium and Its Manners, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1982, pp. 1-16. Marx, K. “The Materialist Conception of History”, in TB Bottomore & M. Rubels (eds.), Karl Marx; Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, Penguin, Ringwood, 1973, pp. 67-80. Schiach, M. “TV: Technology and Cultural Decline”, Discourse on Popular Culture, Polity Press, 4 pages. Swingewood, A. “The Theory of Mass Society”, The Myth of Mass Culture, London, 1977, pp. 8-10. Williams, R. “Towards A Sociology of Culture”, Culture, Fontana, Glasgow, 1981, pp... 9-14.