Oil pollution has been a major environmental concern since the start of commercial-scale oil extraction in the Niger Delta in the 1950s and it will be as long as oil extraction continues. . Since the 1950s, due to the growing demand for crude oil and the existence of large oil reserves, the Niger Delta has experienced what can be called an environmental disaster due to oil pollution, which has led to major consequences for the environment and for the indigenous populations who depended on it. on the region for their livelihood. A study on Ogoniland, located in the Niger Delta Rivers State, revealed that the soil, groundwater, vegetation, surface water and even air had been contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, devastating aquatic and agricultural communities and causing serious health problems for many residents. (Environmental assessment 2011). Many historians, environmentalists, political theorists, and other parties have discussed and explored this disaster, leading to disagreements over who should be blamed. Two general positions emerged as a result: the first position suggests that the Nigerian state prepared the country for such a disaster and that although multinational oil companies (MNOCs) like Shell may have played some role, the state which is the main culprit for the environmental disaster in the Niger Delta because it controls the rules, regulations, policies and revenue. The second position holds that the MNOCs themselves, Shell being used as an example, are the main culprits for the environmental disaster in the Niger Delta because they are in direct contact with the oil, equipment and the local population. Ultimately, the review of popular and secondary research and the two positions described above in the middle of the article......459-507. JSTOR. Internet. March 21, 2014. .Steeves, Jeffrey. “The turn towards presidentialism”. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. March 16. 2014. Conference. Tonwe, Daniel. A., Godwin Uyi Ojo and Iro Aghedo. “Greed and Grievance: The Changing Contours of Environmentalism in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 20 (2011): 45-66. JSTOR. Internet. March 13, 2014. Uwem, Ite E. “Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria.” Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 11 (2004): 1-11. Wiley InterScience. Internet. February 25. 2014. .