The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 fundamentally changed the cash welfare system in the United States. He canceled the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) plan and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). It abolished welfare entitlement, provided states with strong incentives to impose time limits, and tied funding levels to states' success in moving welfare recipients into employment. It is well known that case numbers fell during the 1990s and that employment rates of single mothers—the primary welfare recipients in the United States—rose almost as quickly (Shipler). TANF grew stronger and introduced new behavioral requirements. Most beneficiaries must work or participate in so-called work-related activities. It imposes deadlines for receiving federally funded benefits. It also allows states to use financial incentives to encourage business (Weil). PRWORA also sought to promote marriage, maintain two-parent families, and reduce out-of-wedlock pregnancies. To reduce the perceived disincentive to marriage, many states relaxed eligibility rules that made it difficult for married couples to access welfare. To reduce perceived incentives for childbearing, various states imposed family caps, which prevented benefits from increasing when new babies were born to mothers already on welfare. To reduce the incidence of unmarried teen pregnancy, many states required minor parents to live with their own parent or guardian. States have also implemented other measures intended to encourage parental responsibility more generally. Even as these dramatic changes in social policy were occurring, welfare-related behaviors were changing...... middle of article ......ss, 2007.Jeff Grogger, Lynn A. Karoly, Jeff Grogger. Welfare reform: effects of a decade of change. New York: Harvard University Press, 2005. Philip Kretsedemas, Ana Aparicio. Immigrants, welfare reform, and political poverty. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. Ridzi, Frank. Selling social protection reform: priority to work and the new common sense of employment. New York: NYU Press, 2009. Sanford F. Schram, Joe Brian Soss, Richard Carl Fording. Race and the politics of welfare reform. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2003. Sanger, Mary Bryna. The social protection market: privatization and reform of social protection. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.Shipler, David. The working poor: invisible in America. Vintage, 2005.Zuberi, Dan. Differences that matter: Social policy and the working poor in the United States. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.