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Essay / The Effects of Pesticides on Agriculture - 513
The growing demand for increased food productivity to meet the needs of the world's population has led to the use of sophisticated agricultural technology in which pesticides play a crucial role. Pesticides are widely used to increase agricultural production by preventing, controlling or mitigating pest damage (John et al., 2001). Pesticides have been widely used around the world since the middle of the last century. They are mainly used in agriculture and livestock production, as they both contain substances with high toxic effects and persistence in the environment (Beyer and Biziuk, 2008). Pesticide residues in livestock generally accumulate in two ways. Either pesticides are applied to animals by means of insecticide-impregnated ear tags, sprays, self-treated rubber, dust bags, injectables, or by spraying pesticides on agricultural crops and fodder (Poppenga, 1999). The use of pesticides has a positive and considerable effect on agricultural production by protecting crops against insects, pests and diseases (Kaeew et al., 1996). Additionally, for all pesticides to be effective against pests, they must be biologically active or toxic. Because pesticides are toxic, they are also potentially harmful to humans, wildlife, animals and the environment in general (Vega et al., 2005). At the same time, livestock raised on pesticide-contaminated soils, crops and forages can accumulate considerable residues in edible tissues. For example, the accumulation of dieldrin residues in sheep following the ingestion of contaminated soils was studied and it was concluded that the concentration of dieldrin in the fat of sheep that consume dieldrin-contaminated soils decreases in the 10 days following elimination of the source of contamination. However, dieldrin accumulates in the wool of sheep that consume dieldrin-contaminated soil (Paton and Petterson, 1997). In Pakistan, pesticides are mainly used in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Some pesticides are biodegradable while others persist longer in soil (Tariq et al., 2006). Pesticide residues have been detected in vegetables from Karachi (Perveen et al., 2005), in fruits and vegetables from Islamabad (Tahir et al., 2001) and in various fish tissues from local lakes (Saqib et al ., 2005). ). Additionally, pesticide residues also accumulate on cropland soil (Jabbar et al., 1993). Animals can accumulate these substances from contaminated food and water. Additionally, due to the lipophilic nature of these pesticides, milk and other high-fat substances are the key contributors to their accumulation (John et al..