Turkey was part of the Ottoman Empire for 623 years. In 1918, shortly after World War I, Allied forces occupied Turkey. This occupation sparked the Turkish War of Independence. This led to the creation of the Turkish National Movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander. The goal of the Turkish National Movement was to reject the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres, which was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. After the war ended in 1922, Allied forces were withdrawn from the country. In November 1922, Turkey abolished foreign rule and became an independent country. The initial government was a form of parliament. However, it was not until October 1923 that the Republic of Türkiye was officially designated as the successor to the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal officially became the first president of Türkiye and introduced numerous reforms with the aim of establishing a new secular republic. A new writing system based on the Latin alphabet was implemented, full rights for women were established, and the famous Turkish fez was abolished. Initially, the Turkish government was a representative parliamentary democracy. Turkey has a strong tradition of secularism. The Turkish constitution regulates legal work and establishes the main principles of government. The role of the president in the republic is essentially ceremonial. Presidents are elected to seven-year terms through managed elections. Those who hold the real power are the Prime Minister and his council. The Prime Minister is elected by Parliament through votes. The initial form of the Turkish economy was a state system. The government had a strict budget and limitations on private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign exchange flows. Also, very strictly, middle of paper......ary led another coup. Some modern challenges Turkey faces today have to do with human rights. One of the many issues facing Turkey is the ongoing debate over torture, freedom of expression and the right to life. Turkey also faces problems regarding freedom of religion, assembly and association. However, the problem that has rapidly grown in Turkey is racism, mainly against Armenians and Jews, which leads to hate crimes which are also on the rise in Turkey. Works cited by Goff, Richard, Walter Moss, Janice Terry, Jiu-hwa Upshur and Michael Schroeder. “The Twentieth Century and Beyond: A Global History.” The Twentieth Century and Beyond: A Global History. NP, 2007. Web. December 4, 2013. “BYU Harold B. Lee Library.” History of Turkey: primary documents. Np, and Web. December 4. 2013. .