A kidney transplant is the transfer of a kidney (healthy kidney) from a donor's body into the body of a patient who has very little or no kidney function. There are two types of donations for kidney transplants, living donations and deceased donations. Although there are major differences between the two types of donations, they both must meet certain conditions/standards. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay These conditions are the ability to meet the donor/recipient compatibility, for example if the donor and the recipient do not have the same blood group, then the compatibility will be affected and the transplant will not be successful because the recipient will reject the kidney. The ability to meet certain standards/requirements of the donor's condition, for example if the donor does not meet the minimum age requirements (for living donation) or does not meet certain requirements in terms of physical well-being or if he suffers from diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure etc. The ability to meet certain requirements of the patient's condition, for example if the patient suffers from diseases such as HIV, hepatitis A or B, cancer or diabetes. These requirements primarily apply to living donations, but some also apply to deceased donations, such as donor/recipient compatibility. If these conditions are not met, there can be serious complications for the patient mainly but also for the donor, these complications can affect the survival time of the kidney (how long the kidney lasts in the patient) and can lead to the patient to develop chronic rejection, acute rejection and/or cause the patient to develop diabetes, cancer (the risk of developing melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma is higher), etc. However, ethical problems are present in living donation, the risk-benefit ratio is high, the risk is higher for the donor. Additionally, the process of donating a kidney may lead to negative psychosocial consequences, etc., which will be discussed in detail in the essay. Patient/recipient compatibility is crucial to take into account during a kidney transplant. A number of problems can arise if the donor/recipient match does not meet the standards and requirements set out by healthcare professionals. First, the blood type must match that of the donor in order for it to be compatible. This means that if the patient is type A, B, AB or O, the donor must also have the same blood type or have blood type O because blood type O is universal. If the patient's blood type does not correctly match the donor's blood type, this will have serious consequences, because a reaction occurs when the antigens in the red blood cells of the donor's blood react with the antibodies present in the recipient's plasma. For example, if a small amount of group A blood, possibly a unit of that blood type consisting of A antigens, is transfused into a group B person who has anti-type A antibodies in their blood, a transfusion reaction will happen. When a transfusion reaction occurs, an antibody attaches to antigens on several red blood cells. This, in turn, can cause red blood cells to clump together and block blood vessels. Hemolysis then takes place when the cells are destroyed by the body, resulting in the release of hemoglobin from the red blood cells into the blood. Bilirubin is then produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin, which can cause jaundice in the patient. It may also cause the patient to develop an acute hemolytic reaction, characterized byfever, chills, chest or back pain, bleeding, fast heart rate, shortness of breath, rapid drop in blood pressure and/or kidney damage. A delayed hemolytic reaction may also occur, usually less severe or even asymptomatic, but there will still be some destruction of blood cells. The patient will need an emergency blood transfusion, but if for some reason the patient's blood type is unknown, it is safe for the patient to receive type O blood. Type O blood ( which does not have an antigen on its surface) will not react with antibodies present in the recipient's plasma (blood group O- is universal and can be used for all blood groups). People with type AB blood (which does not contain antibodies) are universal recipients because their plasma will not react with donated blood. This can seriously affect the kidney transplant process because it will slow down the transplant process. Determining the blood group of the patient and the donor is therefore crucial. However, all this does not affect the donor. Secondly, HLA typing is carried out. HLA typing is also called “tissue typing”. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen, antigens are proteins found in the body's cells and there are six that have been found to be the most important in organ transplantation. Each person's tissues (there is an exception for identical twins) are all different from each other. The transplant will be much more successful and last longer if there is a better HLA match between donor and recipient. This is due to the way chromosomes/DNA are inherited or passed down within a family. For example, a parent and its offspring have at least a 50% chance of pairing. However, siblings have variable compatibility, it can range from 0 to 100. percentage match rate. Unrelated donors (those who are not in the same family as the patient) The best match for the recipient is to have 12 of the matching s12 antigens. (This is called a zero mismatch.) are less likely to match at all. However, if the patient has a very common HLA type, it is possible and likely that all 12 markers match, even if the deceased donor is unrelated, this may be a different case for living donations. Additionally, patients must undergo a blood test where they measure anti-HLA antibodies; it is repeated monthly (sometimes) but less than that depending on the policy of the transplant program. While waiting for a transplant, the level of HLA antibodies may increase or decrease over time, HLA antibodies can be harmful to the transplanted organ, so they should be measured while waiting for a transplant, including before and after the transplant. Patients are considered HLA “sensitized” if their blood contains HLA antibodies, which means it is best to find a donor whose HLA types avoid the HLA antibodies present in the patient's blood. If this is not followed, there is a 13% higher risk of organ mismatch in the patient's body [1], which can lead to side effects that may reduce the patient's quality of life as well as ability of kidney function throughout the years of transplantation. . The crossmatch test is considered very important and is repeated before kidney transplantation. Blood is taken from the recipient and the donor and mixed. If the recipient's cells attack and kill the donor's cells, the cross will be positive, meaning the recipient has antibodies against the donor's cells, meaning it is not compatible and is with thetransplant will result in rejection of the kidney. It is considered compatible if the results are negative. Overall, donor/recipient compatibility is crucial for the kidney donation and transplantation process because if the tissue type, blood group or cross-match does not match both the patient and the donor, it may cause complications for the patient, they may develop. a number of diseases such as CKD or kidney rejection, which may cause the entire process of donation and transplant surgery to fail and waste time, this may also cause lower rates of lower survival in worst-case scenarios. This can also affect the donor as it can also cause them to lose a kidney due to the failure of the operation. Affect their quality of life and can cause emotional distress as well as physical complications such as high blood pressure, trauma and diabetes, etc. Second, the donor's condition may affect the kidney donation/transplant process. Factors such as age, illnesses, whether the person uses drugs or smokes can all affect kidney transplantation and donation. To begin with, the age of the kidney donor and recipient should be considered in the matching process, as kidney donation is a scarce and vital resource, as it would help prolong life and reduce the number of patients. on the waiting list for a transplant. This means that young, healthy kidneys are given to recipients who die long before the kidney stops working. If young patients obtained kidneys from an elderly donor, their condition could deteriorate long before the patient died, meaning they would have to return to dialysis or be re-transplanted, making the procedure much longer because while further increasing the number of patients on the waiting list. The age of the donor turns out to be a powerful factor in terms of predicting the function of the renal allograft in the long term since "histopathological studies reveal a loss of volume of 20 to 25% particularly in the cortex, a fibrous thickening of the intima of the arteries as well as loss of glomeruli.” due to global sclerosis with hypertrophy of the remaining glomeruli and finally localized tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis [4] in particularly aged kidneys. Research conducted by a medical professional at the 37th Annual Meeting and Scientific Exhibition of the American Society of Nephrology in St. Louis, Missouri. They looked at more than 74,000 kidney transplants from deceased donors between 1990 and 2002, and compared the ages of the donors and their recipients. The ages were compared because doctors were trying to determine how to maximize the use of the donated kidney and how to maximize its lifespan when transplanted into the patient. The results showed that 6,850 transplant years could have been saved during this twelve-year period if kidneys from young donors (aged 15 to 50 years) had been matched with young recipients under 60 years old and if older kidneys (aged 50 years and over) had been donated to older patients over 60 years old. the age of 60 years. The kidneys could have extended the life of each transplant recipient by an average of nine months. because of the 9,250 grafts that would have been affected by this reallocation, this would have saved 6,850 graft years over a twelve-year period. In total, 27,750 additional transplant years could have been saved and the kidney would have survived for an additional 3 years during the kidney transplant period.[3] Additionally, in 1991, Donnelly et al. [5] published the results of 141 consecutive first cadaveric transplants and noted that graft failure..