Clinical biochemistry is a field that concerns biochemical changes in the body, such as imbalances in the composition of blood, stools, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine. Determine the contents of the abnormal sample by testing it in laboratories. The result can help doctors and scientists make an indication or diagnosis if an organ is in a normal condition. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Discussion: 1) There are few types of samples that can be collected for diagnostic purposes. The most commonly collected samples are blood, urine, stool, and CSF. Firstly, the blood sample including serum and plasma can be obtained from the patient by phlebotomy. Phlebotomy is a process of drawing blood or introducing fluid into a body by piercing the vein and the process of piercing the vein known as venipuncture. 2) Phlebotomy procedures include:I. Position the patient appropriately and comfortably. Then, ask the patient to hyperextend their arm.II. Apply the tourniquet three to four inches above the puncture site. But do not apply the tourniquet too tightly or for too long (no more than two minutes) to avoid hemoconcentration.III. Ask the patient to make a fist without pumping the hand.IV. Select the appropriate venipuncture site. The puncture site available for venipuncture is the median cubital vein, cephalic vein and basilic vein.V. Clean the patient's arm with an alcohol swab and allow it to air dry before puncturing. VI. Grasp the patient's arm and feel or palpate the vein. VII. The needle should be inserted through the skin into the vein at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees.VIII. Filling blood into the vacuum blood collection tubes and removing the tourniquet when filling the last tube.IX. Carefully remove the needle from the patient's arm and immediately press down on the gauze once the needle is removed from the arm. Adequate pressure is required to press to avoid hematoma formation.X. Discard contaminated materials into designated containers (shark tank).XI.Mix and label all blood fill tubes once tube filling is complete. 3) For the size of needles suitable for venipuncture, the needles generally range from 21 to 25 gauge. The smaller the gauze of the needles, the larger the diameter of the needle pore. Thus, the 21 gauze needles are considered the standard venipuncture needle for patients with normal veins and used primarily for large antecubital veins. 23 gauze needles are typically for smaller, medium-sized antecubital forearms, hand and foot veins, while 25 gauze needles are commonly used to collect blood from the tiny veins of premature newborns and infants. infants. Gauze needles are rarely used in adults except for adult hand veins. The sample collected using needles of this size tends to be hemolyzed than others. 4) The available size of the syringe is 1,3,5,10, 15 and 20 milliliters (ml). The one and three ml size is the most typical type of syringe used for venipuncture. 5) Additionally, when a small amount of blood is needed, a capillary puncture, also called a finger or heel prick test, may be performed. This can be done by pricking the skin with a lancet (a sharp needle) and collecting the drop ofblood on a slide, test strip or capillary tube. The best site for capillary puncture is the center of the third (middle) or fourth (ring) finger of the hand, while for the heel capillary, the lateral or medial plantar surface of the foot will be suitable. 6) Capillary tube or called hematocrit tube for blood collection is available in blue, red and green color. The blue colored capillary tube does not contain any anticoagulants, the red colored capillary tube consists of sodium heparin while the green colored capillary tube contains ammonium heparin. After collecting blood in tube, the capillary tube or hematocrit should undergo centrifugation in order to obtain the hematocrit value 7) When the capillary tube is used to collect serum bilirubin which is sensitive to light, it should use clay or plasticine to block the opening of the tube and centrifuge. In a dark room to avoid false results. 8) Additionally, urine is also the sample that can be collected for diagnostic purposes. A urine sample can be collected in different ways depending on the type of sample required. The three most common types of urine samples are 24-hour urine, mid-stream urine, and fresh urine. 9) The 24 hour urine sample is used to determine the number of solutes in the urine, for example such as proteins, to avoid diurnal variation of the solute which could affect the result. The patient should note the time of the first and last rejection of the urine sample. All samples should be collected in a large, sterile, opaque container capable of holding four liters of sample until the end of 24 hours. 24-hour urine samples are used to measure the amount of creatinine, urobilinogen, protein and calcium. 10) Next is the mid-stream urine (MSU), also known as the clean catch sample. This method provides a cleaner or less contaminated sample than the random sample for microscopic analysis. It should only collect the central part of the urine stream, but not the first and last parts. He should also use a sterile container to collect the sample. This is because MSUs are primarily intended for microbiological culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, so the presence of bacteria or normal flora on the genital area can cause contamination of the sample and lead to an erroneous result. 11) Fresh urine sample also called random sample. This type of sample can be collected at any time and without any precautions in a small bottle (at least 50 ml) with a yellow cap. This type of sample is primarily intended for screening tests such as drug abuse analysis. However, this type of sample is not considered the best choice due to its potential for sample dilution during sample collection. 12) Moreover, stool is one of the important samples for parasitic and microbiological study. Stool sample collection procedures involve placing the potty in the toilet or laying a clean newspaper on the toilet rim to collect the stool. When collecting stool, the patient should use the spatula provided with the container and ensure that the sample does not touch the inside of the toilet to avoid contamination. If no spatula is provided, the patient can use an applicator stick instead. The appropriate amount of stool sample will be approximately one third of the container. The most common container for stool collection is the yellow hooded cup. 13) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid that surrounds the,.