"The growth of trade and industry led to technological advances, which in turn were and were driven by science." (p. 403) The European scientific revolution was fueled by the blending of the “liberal” and “servile” arts, in other words, science and technology. Due to European expansion across the world, new trades and industries were advancing. creating the need for new technologies and new sciences. The theories and inventions provided by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton were the first major advances of the scientific revolution, and perhaps the most profound. European expansion during the 15th and 16th centuries led to major advances. economic expansion throughout Europe and in newly established European colonies around the world. This economic growth, also called the commercial revolution, helped fuel the industrial revolution of the 18th century by “providing large and expanding markets for European industries” (p. 409). The commercial revolution created the need for new technologies to meet the demands of new and ever-changing markets created by European expansion. The commercial revolution also “brought the large amounts of capital needed to finance the construction of factories and machinery for the industrial revolution.” (p. 409) The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century with the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. Thanks to the steam engine, people could now harness the power needed to operate pumps, locomotives, and eventually machines used in factories. “It (the steam engine) provided a means of harnessing and using thermal energy to provide motive power for machinery.” (p. 412) The British quickly placed themselves at the forefront of the industrial revolution through their investments in the coal and iron industries. England was also at the forefront of modern banking because of the large commercial profits the British made. Besides the steam engine, some of the most notable British inventions of the late 18th century were the new spinning machines that revolutionized the textile industry. Due to technological advances in the steam engine and cotton machines, an increasing amount of steel, coal, and iron was now needed to power the new machines widely used in the early 19th century. The different im...... middle of paper ....... Liberalism, the basis of modern democratic society, is "the emancipation of the individual from class, corporate or governmental constraints" . (p. 448) This ultimately led to the rise of the middle class and the abandonment of autocratic dictatorship for the majority of the modern world. Socialism, with its emphasis on community and collective well-being, gained a stronghold in various countries that proved short-lived, with the exception of World War I in Russia. A final ideology, feminism, also rose from the ashes of European revolutions. The commercial, scientific, industrial and political revolutions of the European Transformation changed the world forever. Without the technological and scientific advances made during the 18th and 19th centuries, the world might still consist of isolated countries, without communication with each other and without the ability to mass produce and move quickly from one place to another. Ideological advancements, perhaps the most important outcome of the 1400s-1900s, are what opened the doors to freedom and independence from..