Besides technical developments, there have also been tactical developments within the sport (Podgórski and Pawlak, 2011). Today's field hockey coaches have developed their tactics to ensure they have a greater success rate on the field, both defensively and offensively. Playing positions are separated into four groups; goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders and attackers. Those who play an attacking role are no longer stationary players; they constantly move and change throughout a match to create space when attacking as well as to facilitate defensive play (Konarski, 2010). While midfield players are considered the “link” players between defense and attack (Gabbett, 2010). Those with defensive duties are encouraged to pass the ball more and carry it rather than relying on "crash" balls to the opponent's backline. Formations have evolved and many field hockey coaches have adapted soccer formations for their teams. In an attempt to cope with the continued development of the game, female hockey players have had to develop. ...