They defined a “cost gap” to relate “earned standards” to “actual expenses” to determine performance. It was not until 1962 that earned value was formally introduced into U.S. Navy projects as part of the development of the PERT/Cost methodology. In 1996, a new set of criteria was developed to encourage their adoption in the private sector by making them more “user friendly”. The National Defense Industrial Association developed these 32 criteria and named them the Earned Value Management System criteria currently incorporated in ANSI/EIA748 (Cabri and Griffiths).,