Lourenço's (2012) article repeatedly points out that the biggest difference is that Piaget adheres to an autonomous view while Vygotsky adheres to a heteronomous view. Piaget considers that the child constructs his own knowledge and that this is an internal process. Vygotsky, on the other hand, considers that the child develops through social interactions and that this is an external process. Another major difference observed in Lourenco's (2012) article is that Piaget believes that teaching leads to memorization and not functional understanding. Piaget believed that we prevent children from fully understanding something when we teach them something they could have discovered on their own. Concepts are formed naturally and scientific concepts are not learned by a teacher. Vygotsky, on the other hand, found that children performed better when guided by an adult. He believes that scientific concepts are learned from teachers and that the child-adult relationship promotes development. According to his theory, the higher-level adult or peer plays an important role in the child's development and knowledge. While Piaget's theory considers social relationships as those of two equal peers, Vygotsky's theory considers a relationship based on authority.