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Essay / An understatement in a day in the life of Ivan Denisovich
Difficult climatic conditions, no food and hard work; all these aspects symbolize the daily life of a prisoner inside the Gulag. The horrific treatment of prisoners is very well documented in many prison novels. However, the way conditions are described can vary from novel to novel, depending on the author's purpose. Some authors prefer to exaggerate the horrors experienced by the prisoners to arouse reader outrage, while others prefer to depict the horrors in more subtle ways to achieve a similar goal. Alexander Solzhenitsyn evokes emotions using understatement. In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn uses the literary technique of understatement to emphasize the extent to which dehumanization is present in the Gulag. From the beginning of the novel to the very end, the physical setting of the Gulag and its harsh climatic implications are understated. The first description of the weather appears when the prisoners barely hear the morning alarm because it cannot “penetrate the panes on which the frost spread two fingers thick.” The frost on the windows represents the true cold that the Zeks face on a daily basis. The author's casual mention of frost two fingers thick could be a symbolic representation of how Gulag prisoners are accustomed to this kind of weather. The extent of the cold could be felt when Shukhov went to the steppe, where "bare white snow stretched to the horizon, to the left, to the right, and not a single tree was visible on all the expanse of the steppe. » (p. 39) The barren land indicates the desolate and inescapable environment in which the zeks live. The euphemism present in this example indicates the harsh reality of the situation. Due to the harsh climatic conditions, prisoners need some form of distraction to survive, which comes in the form of work. In fact, “most depend on the work relationship rather than the work itself,” because it gives the zeks additional nourishment (p. 59). The importance of the work is understated in this section, as the six ounces of bread the prisoners receive would not be considered substantial outside of the gulag, but it is nevertheless of importance to the prisoners. However, for them, those extra ounces could mean their survival. The amount of work done by the prisoners for an insignificant amount of food illustrates the dehumanization present in the novel. Although the amount of food may be less than normal, it is the force that pushes the prisoners to accomplish more. For example, when prisoners are given a bowl of soup, they consider it “dearer than freedom, dearer than life itself, past, present, and future” (126). This highlights the number of atrocities the prisoners endure, as the narrator compares food, including food deprivation, to that of freedom. It gives them a reason to work, a reason to fight, and the ability to survive. This use of understatement gives the impression that a measly bowl of soup becomes the only thing that matters to the Zeks. The extent to which the prisoners have been dehumanized brings them to the point that few things can be as important to their survival. Many men in the Gulag are innocent of committing real crimes, but the Gulag dehumanizes them to the point that it is impossible to tell the innocent from the guilty. Men who already struggle to understand why they are in the Gulag must adapt to treatment that even a real criminal would find inhumane.Buinovsky criticizes the guards saying that they “don't behave like the Soviets…they don't behave like communists” (p. 34). For Buinovksy, prison guards go against the communist code and completely mistreat prisoners through their absurd rules and regulations. His criticism of the prison guards, calling them "bad" communists, is both an understatement and a sense of irony. Buinovsky expresses how communists should behave, even though the communists initially condemned him in the Gulag. Criticizing the guards as bad communists is an understatement, as they should actually be criticized for their lack of moral code and injustice. When describing the experience faced by one of Shukhov's squad members, Solzhenitsyn simply states that “he was captured; he escaped, then he was recaptured” (p. 49). The zeks are dehumanized even if many of them have no place in the Gulag since they were arrested for insignificant reasons. Solzhenitsyn attempts to downplay the current dehumanization by dismissing the capture as if it were unimportant, and presents it almost as if it were a constant event. The innocent men who are trapped in the Gulag are there through no fault of their own, making it seem like the constant fear of imprisonment is a norm in this society. The end of the novel gives the reader an idea of the true value of understatement in the novel. After the day passes and Shukhov recalls what happened during that day, he realizes that “today was almost a happy day. (p. 167) This statement has a lasting effect on how the novel can be interpreted, because the day gets off to a bad start when Shukhov is punished for staying in bed, leading him to languish on the floors of the guardhouse, then he and his team go to a construction site to work in the intense cold. At this point, a single day seems anything but a good day; due to the use of euphemism to emphasize the difficulties the Zeks face. However, Solzhenitsyn's final resort to understatement has the same effect on a larger scale. It shows the idea that these prisoners have experienced such constant hardship and injustice that the day they survive can be considered a good one. Shukhov manages to do his job well, which gives him a sense of dignity in a society where most individual characteristics are stripped away, and he also feels more spiritually connected after his conversation with Alyoshka. This also interacts with the role of time in the novel, which is discreet as Shukhov ends by stating how many days remain in his sentence. He makes this statement so bluntly that it seems bearable, but in reality it is almost impossible to survive given that a "good" day is one in which he receives a slight amount of extra food. Shukhov's notion of time is almost distorted from reality, due to the inhumane conditions in which he has lived for years. Work appears to be the main factor in how the day shaped his reaction. It’s the effect of work that makes the day go by so quickly. The sober and ambiguous ending reinforces the irony and understatement of the situation. After waking up sick, Shukhov is punished for not getting up in time and was treated poorly. Combine these situations with constant hard work and harsh climatic conditions, and it evokes the feeling of the terrible day that Shukhov is experiencing. However, Shukhov's insistence that it was a good day evokes speculation about what a bad day would be. His mistreatment by the