The years following World War I brought vast changes to many parts of the world. Countries like South Asia and the Middle East were able to understand the need for self-government, away from foreign control. This sparked a number of nationalist movements in the 1920s and 1930s. The Middle East had to westernize to get rid of foreign control while India had to unite under the sign of non-violence and Hindu values. Before World War I, the Middle East was dominated by external powers. Egypt was under British control and Persia was divided into Russian and British spheres of influence. The Ottomans attempted to promote change with the Tanzimat reforms which allowed for some industrialization and modernization. However, in 1908 the Young Turks took over and attempted more rapid change. Unfortunately, the Young Turks sided with the Germans during World War I, so the Middle East was directly involved in the war. The Ottomans were the losers and their empire was shattered. The Arabs were disappointed because they had rebelled against Ottoman rule and sided with the Allies in their effort to achieve an independent Arab nation. On the contrary, the British and French imposed a mandate on the Arab regions of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. Under the Balfour Declaration (1917), the British granted tolerance to Jews in Palestine and alienated Arabs from those territories in response to persecution in Germany. Thus, the Jewish population increased by twenty percent and the World Zionist Organization was created to increase Jewish migration. In 1932, the conservative state of Saudi Arabia was established by Ibn Saud after successfully driving the Ottomans from the Arabian Peninsula. In 1938, the discovery of oil marked the beginning of an economic modernization that only helped middle-of-the-road elites who included satyagraha, or sticking to the truth. This prevented bloody revolts like those in Egypt. For example, when the British imposed a high tax on salt, Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200-mile march to the sea to make their own salt. Gandhi was imprisoned several times. Gandhi was able to work with Jawaharalal Nehru, a young lawyer to obtain reforms from the British. The British finally granted a constitution in 1935, which was a first step towards independence. Therefore, after World War I, the Middle East and South Asia experienced nationalist movements. Modernization aimed at ridding the Middle East of foreign control was rare and had to be driven by Westernization since politicians had to oppose Muslim tradition. On the contrary, India got rid of foreign control by being united and remaining true to its beliefs.