According to Dolgin (2011), “Biological theorists – mainly biologists and psychologists – believe that adolescents are the way they are because of their genes, their hormones or their evolutionary history. These theorists downplay environmental influences and tend to believe that adolescents' experience is similar regardless of where they grew up” (p. 32). “Development occurs according to an almost inevitable universal pattern, regardless of the socio-cultural environment” (Dolgin, 2013, p. 32). Alienation is defined by Dictionary.com (2013) as “the state of being withdrawn or isolated from the objective world, as through indifference or disaffection.” » Thus, the biological theorist would view alienation as having its roots in the evolutionary development of humans and their genetic background, subsequent physical maturation and development, as well as the hormonal processes of adolescence (Dolgin, 2011). Although some level of alienation may be considered psychologically normal for all adolescents and is likely part of their individuation process from a biological perspective, significant levels of alienation correspond more closely to unsuccessful individuation (Tieman, 2004). Biologically, abnormal levels of alienation can be remedied through the use of a variety of modalities designed to return the adolescent's levels of hormones and neurochemicals to normal levels. This may involve exercise or meditation on the one hand, or antidepressant or anxiolytic medications on the other, depending on the severity of the feeling of alienation and what is available to each adolescent with levels above normal. normal. Some adolescents may overcome feelings of alienation due to their participation in sports and other acts... middle of article......ers-1Smith, WP, Compton, WC and West, WB ( March 1995). Meditation as a complement to a happiness improvement program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 269-73. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7797651 Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk taking. Dev. Rev., 28, 78-106. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396566/Steiner-Adair, C. (1986). The body politic: normal adolescent development and development of eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 4(1), 95-114. Tieman, KL (January 2004). The relationship between perceived parental attachment, ego development, and individuation in a nonclinical adolescent population. ETD Collection for Pace University. Paper AAI3138870. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/dissertations/AAI3138870