According to Brooke Allen in the article "Our Godless Constitution", the American Constitution is not based on the principles of Christianity as most people claim. According to the author, the American Constitution was based on Enlightenment principles and God was only a minor player, while Jesus Christ was conspicuously absent. Brooke claims that the constitution does not mention God and that this omission is too obvious and deliberate. The article says that when Alexander Hamilton was asked about this apparent omission, he stated that the new nation did not need any foreign aid, while on another occasion he simply replied that they had everything simply forgotten. Brooke Allen laments that the most important document in American history doesn't mention a deity, which is pretty appalling. According to Brooke, if God is considered the foundation of the American nation, then you would not know this fact by reading the American Constitution. According to the author, God is only mentioned twice briefly in the constitution. First, he gets a brief nod to the reference to “the laws of nature and nature’s God” in the Declaration of Independence. The other mention of his name is found in the famous phrase which says that men are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights". After the founding period ended, blatant references to a deity were made such as: "In God we trust." ”, was invented after the Civil War. The Pledge of Allegiance was introduced "Under God" in 1954 during the McCarthy hysteria. Brooke further says that the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797 makes it very clear that the American nation was not founded under the Christian religion. Timothy Pickering, the Secretary of State, approved this treaty as did President John Adams. When he was sent... middle of paper ... the condition of mankind, as at all times, some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others are naughty and submissive. (166) In this verse, it is clear that Winthrop is attempting to establish the Puritan notions of idealism that everyone is created with a purpose. Both historical literatures are an indication of American exceptionalism that can be traced to the country's Puritan roots. Most Puritans believed in the middle ground, between less strict divine providence and Calvinist predestination. According to John Winthrop, the New England Puritan community was to be a city on the hill, meaning it was to serve as a model for the rest of the world. Indeed, the American Constitution is based on Puritan roots with deep moralistic values ​​defended as part of national identity..