The Glass CeilingSummaryMost women and minorities will never be able to break the glass ceiling because American businesses are dominated by men. Some women have made progress; however, few have reached the top of the corporate ladder. If glass ceilings existed, they would allow people to see through the world above them. Because the glass is transparent, those living under such a ceiling might not, at first, even notice that a barrier was in a location that separated them from the upper levels. However, if they tried to pass, they would quickly learn that the ceiling prevents such a rise (Hughes, 2002). The glass ceiling is a barrier so subtle that it is transparent, but so strong that it prevents women and minorities from moving up. in management (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2007). Three distinct causes of the glass ceiling have been identified. On the one hand, many leaders and managers are not held accountable for their actions in favor of equal opportunities and positive actions. Due to the lack of referrals from managers and executives, women and minorities often fail to be promoted or obtain higher positions. Although the person may be qualified, in most cases the position is given to a man or a majority. If the decision is later questioned, managers and executives cover for each other to prevent problems from “escaping.” Second, women and minorities are not encouraged to apply for higher positions and, in most cases, are not even informed that such positions exist. Positions offering higher salaries and potentially higher status are often discussed at lunches and/or outings to which regular staff are not invited. Women and minorities are not encouraged to apply because it may disrupt the company's philosophy. Third, women and minorities often lack the skills needed to fill top positions. For the most part, these groups are not included in company training and development opportunities; further prohibiting them from applying for better paid positions. Some companies have started offering mentoring opportunities to their employees in an effort to break the glass ceiling. Studies show that women and minorities who have mentors tend to advance more often than those who don't. The “glass ceiling” refers to the obstacles that native-born Americans and women often face when trying to reach the upper echelons of corporate America..