Problem BackgroundAbout a hundred years ago, infectious diseases were the leading cause of death worldwide because there were no available treatments for diseases caused by bacteria such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhea and rheumatic fever. and urinary tract infections. In 1929, when microbiologist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the era of medicine began. Since then, various antibiotics have been discovered that attack bacteria in different ways. Most antibiotics, such as penicillin, attack the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of a cell wall component called peptidoglycan. In the same way, vancomycin attacks the bacterial cell wall, but in a different way. Other classes of antimicrobials, such as quinolones, inhibit DNA replication; tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis; and rifamycin inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria, thereby preventing their multiplication. Despite its miraculous function, antibiotic resistance can develop when an antibiotic is unable to control or kill bacterial growth. Bacteria can become resistant naturally, through genetic mutation or by acquiring resistance from other bacteria. Antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria while promoting selective pressure causing resistant bacterial strains to survive. This mechanism can be reinforced by the overuse and abuse of antibiotics. Spontaneous mutations rarely occur, as they are estimated to occur between one in a million and one in ten million cells. Bacteria can also develop antibiotic resistance from other bacteria by receiving their genes through a simple mating process, called conjugation. Additionally, viruses can also transmit resistance traits. Regardless of how the bacteria acquires the resistant genes, they are monitored and researched in the middle of the document. Despite the critical need for new antibiotics, over the past 15 years, major pharmaceutical companies involved in antibiotic research and development such as Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lily, and Sanofi have exited the antibiotic research market. antibiotics due to its research challenges, complex U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, and low returns on investments. In the 1980s, thirty new antibiotics were approved by the FDA and from 2010 to 2012, only one was approved, highlighting the difficulty of regulation. The estimated average cost of developing a new antibiotic is $359 million, and it takes an average of 12 years for the drug to move from the research lab to the patient. The rapid increase in the number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria or superbugs has certainly become a compelling need for new antibiotics...