On October 8, 1917, an armed insurrection in Petrograd overthrew the Russian Provisional Government – ​​born from the February Revolution a few months earlier – and political power in Russia passed from the nobility and aristocrats to the various local soviets dominated by the Bolsheviks of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. The Bolsheviks, led by the charismatic Vladimir Lenin, established a communist government called the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (or Russian Federation). One of the main pretexts for the October Revolution was the Tsar's determination to keep Russia in the First World War. When the Bolsheviks came to power, Lenin immediately withdrew Russia from the war by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This treaty required the Russian Federation to renounce all claims to the Baltic States and Ukraine, as well as cede territories to the Ottomans and six million marks to the Germans. This caused the newly formed Bolshevik government to lose a third of its population, a third of its arable land, 54% of its industry, 73% of its iron deposits, 75% of its coal mines and 85% of its copper production. commercial crops (sugar). ). Although this treaty destabilized the economy of the Russian Federation, it allowed the Bolsheviks to consolidate their power – fulfilling their promise of peace to the people – and focus on internal issues. In the summer of 1923, Vladimir Lenin was dying and the Bolshevik party needed leadership; Four candidates emerged as possible successors: Leon Trotsky and the triumvirate of Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Grigori Zinoviev. Eventually, Stalin took power and got rid of the party's old Bolsheviks in the infamous "Great Purge." Stalin assumed his role as dictator... middle of paper ... attempted to solidify his own form of government by instilling religion in his own people. The United States Pledge of Allegiance was a form of political and social expression (nationalism) and each day of the week, school children were required to stand, place their right hand over their heart and repeat an expression of loyalty to the United States flag. UNITED STATES. Before 1954, one line read: “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it represents; an indivisible nation with liberty and justice for all.” Subsequently, the pledge was amended to include "under God", so that it now reads: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, a nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.” This is still the official pledge of allegiance.