The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century marked a critical turning point in Chinese history. Strong pressures from Western imperialism and regenerated peasant revolutions brought about a sudden change in the Chinese social order. Fear of Western imperialism sparked a demand for modernization, self-strengthening, and defense. The sons of traditional bureaucratic landowners lost faith in Confucian values ​​and traditional institutions; this elite class was too weak to hold off a foreign invasion. The sons of the nobility soon became the most important contributors to the revolution that would rise up against the bureaucratic intellectuals of Confucius. The new revolutionaries envisioned not only a modern, fortified China with a powerful defense system, but also a unified country. A solution without “class struggle” nor without unjust socio-economic differences between the poor masses and the upper social classes. To realize this new political vision, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was established in 1921, but not easily. Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of China and his National Party, embarked on a bloody civil war between the Nationalists and the newly formed party. PCC. The Communist Party was defeated in 1927, but returned with an improved army in the early 1930s, namely the People's Liberation Army. The CCP, led by its Chairman Mao Zedong, managed to recover thanks to this powerful army and social unification for a better China for the masses. Maoism, Mao's socialist theories, quickly moved from the cities to the countryside and a victory against the Chinese nationalists was forged in 1949. Chairman Mao and the CCP strongly believed in Marxist economic theories and ideology. Early 20th century people...... middle of paper ...... production up twenty-five percent (Dietrich, 85) Mao effectively gained state control over grain , but the production did not meet his expectations. In other words, the state purchased about eighty percent of the grain produced while actual production increased by only 1 to 2 percent. This flaw is linked to the mutual aid teams which played a key role during the five-year plan. In order to collectivize and move more toward socialist and Marxist ideologies, mutual aid teams formed small agricultural villages expected to expand into one hundred to three hundred households. In this case, farmers would share their tools, their land and work collectively and more efficiently. Collectivization during the five-year plan had a negative effect. There was peasant resistance and poor harvests amid hopes of increasing agricultural production by a quarter..